lascar volcano plate boundarymatthew peltz obituary

[251], Due to the dry climate, there is little vegetation at Lascar. [141] The Plinian deposit has a colour ranging from white to creamy. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. How to make superfans of your brand; Aug. 15, 2022. Why It Matters: Science of Geology 2. [60] The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,80020,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period. [143] The deposits are formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in lithics. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. [116] Otherwise, activity between 1993 and 2000 was not accompanied by deformation of the edifice. 92 views 3 minutes ago In Chile, the Lascar volcano unexpectedly erupted on December 10th, sending a plume of ash more than 6,000 meters or 19,700 feet above what was already one of the world's. The chamber may be surrounded by skarnic alteration. [80] The magma interacts with former salar deposits before ascending. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. Estimated temperatures decreased from 800900C (1,4701,650F) at the vent to 580600C (1,0761,112F) farther down the flows. Minerals encountered in xenoliths include andradite, anhydrite, anorthite, apatite, biotite, calcite, diopside, fassaite, garnet, gypsum, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, orthopyroxene, perovskite, plagioclase, prehnite, quartz, sphene, thorite, wilkeite, wollastonite and zircon. [86] After the end of stage I, a period of glacial erosion occurred prior to new activity,[72] which created furrows in the Saltar flow. The large eruption gave rise to a pyroclastic flow that extended 27 kilometres (17mi) westward and contained breccia and various magmas. [54] Six craters are located on the volcano,[29] but sometimes only five craters are counted, in which case the central crater is considered to be the active one. Explosive eruptions are the greatest hazard at Lascar. A volcano in the Andes in Chile's north rumbled to life early Saturday, triggering minor earth tremors and sending a plume of smoke and ash 6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet) into a clear sky. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption. However, an eruption of the Cerro Corona lava dome occurred during this period,[60] and activity of stage III did not commence earlier than 22,300 years ago. The Cascades are a chain of volcanoes at a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is subducting beneath a continental plate. [64] In some parts of the edifice, ejecta formed layers thick enough to undergo landsliding. Match. [6] Toconao and San Pedro de Atacama lie 34 kilometres (21mi) and 68 kilometres (42mi) from the volcano, respectively. [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. [36] The lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north and west of Lascar. [215] The collapse structures during this activity were larger than those noted in previous activity, possibly because the April 1993 eruption had emptied part of the system. [29] The eruption was also observed by geologists in Toconao,[164] where the explosion was violent enough to wake up people who were sleeping. [174] The strongest pulse occurred on 20 April between 6:28 and 9:20 and sent flows towards the northwest. stratovulcano 5592 m / 18,346 ft. Northern Chile, -23.37S / -67.73W. [180] Explosive eruptions, accompanied by the formation of eruption columns reaching heights of several kilometres, sometimes leading to ash fall in Jujuy, Argentina, occurred on 27 February 1994; in July 1994, November 1994, and March 1995; and on 10 May, 20 July and 18 October 1996. lascar volcano. The first known activity occurred at the eastern cone and was characterized by lava flows, before shifting to the western cone where lava domes were emplaced. [156], Heavy metal exposure is a problem for the region. [181] Lascar's activity has been monitored by Thematic Mapper, which has been used to monitor volcanic activity since 1985, when hot spots were observed on Lascar. [60] At the end of the eruption, a 1.5-kilometre-wide (0.93mi) caldera[137] and the two western craters formed. What type of plate boundary is creating lascar volcano? along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. High quantities of arsenic have been observed in local crops. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. [36] The valleys drain the western, northern and southwestern slopes of Lascar. It was suggested the nested craters of Lscar did not form due to a large explosion nor due to simple collapse but rather as a result of long term cyclic activity: dome growth, followed by degassing of a shallow magma reservoir and conduit, resulting in subsidence of the dome and further deepening of the crater floor. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above, and the margins of some pyroclastic flows can be seen at right center. [218] An ash plume was carried 660 kilometres (410mi) east. [179] After being discharged through gaps in the crater rim,[175] pyroclastic flows on the northwestern and the eastern sides reached lengths of 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi),[180] and 4 kilometres (2.5mi) on the southern side. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. [67] Additional component minerals found at Lascar include anorthite, augite bordering on diopside, bronzite, fassaite, forsterite, hypersthene, pigeonite and more. [195], These flows took a long time to cool down; in the Quebrada Tumbres, they had not cooled down completely by December 1993. [36] This limestone formation has been identified as the Yacoraite formation. [227] Precipitation at Lascar is about 50100 millimetres per year (2.03.9in/year) and consists mostly of snow. Lascar is on the centre-left, Aguas Calientes right. Its rocks have a pale gray-blue colour, and their composition resembles the Soncor flow, despite more mafic lavas and pyroclastics being erupted in the time period between the emplacement of the Soncor flow and the Capricorn Lava. [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. [54] The Soncor flow is found primarily on the western side of Lascar, with part of it also southeast of Lascar. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. A seismic monitoring experiment was realized in 2008. They occur beneath altitudes of 4,100 metres (13,500ft), their vents buried by later activity. [43] The Pampa Chamaca and Tuyajto ignimbrites are somewhat younger, 2.62.2 million and less than 1 million years respectively. How to watch volcanoes? [172] Other flows occurred at 12:05, after 13:37, 17:25, 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 20 April at 9:20. [123] Electrical conductivity data suggest that a hydrothermal system exists beneath Lascar,[124] but the existence of such a system has been questioned. Lithic rocks derived both from the pre-Soncor volcano and the basement are also represented. [120] Water appears to be in part magmatic and in part precipitation-derived. The deposits left contain both andesite and dacite,[53] with phenocrysts consisting of apatite, augite, biotite, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in a rhyolite matrix. This sulfur extraction was facilitated by the high oxygen content of the magma, which allowed the formation of sulfur dioxide. Lscar Google Earth Placemark with Features Cite Volcano Profile Chile Stratovolcano (es) 2017 CE Country Primary Volcano Type Last Known Eruption 23.37S 67.73W 5592 m 18346 ft 355100 Latitude Longitude Summit Elevation Volcano Number 2022 Microsoft Corporation Terms Latest Activity Reports Weekly Reports Bulletin Reports Synonyms & Subfeatures [76] The chemistry of Lascar's rocks is fairly similar to those of neighbouring Tumisa volcano. Its large crater is filled by another cone,[54] which forms the highest summit of the Lascar volcano. [26] The andesitic-dacitic Aguas Calientes is located 5 kilometres (3.1mi) east of Lascar; it may have formed a lava flow close to the summit during the Holocene. [202] Volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption. lascar volcano volcano type stratco or composite eruption history volcano location type of lava flow eruption type last eruption:October 31 Chile andesite plate boundaries and where the volcano is formed or located how lascar was formed plate boundaries: convergent subduction. [54] These formations are not visible in the Lascar area, but they crop out close to the Salar de Atacama. Carbon in the gases may come from skarn assimilation. [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. [145] The ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and a normal ignimbrite. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. [101] The fumarole gases react with surrounding rocks, forming precipitates and altered rocks. [129] In March 1990, the lava dome had a temperature of 100200C (212392F), with some parts exceeding 900C (1,650F). [135] Possibly, the magma chamber of stage I had almost solidified when the injection of basaltic magma at depths of over 5 kilometres (3.1mi) triggered a remelting. [132], Lava flows less than 50 metres (160ft) thick issued from the stage I cone and reached lengths of 16 kilometres (9.9mi). The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. [137] This edifice is the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being active. [59][97] In December 2002, two fumaroles had temperatures exceeding 295C (563F). [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. 2017-01-13 18:27:12. Colors of Iceland: Fire, Earth, Ice and Water, Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 14 December-20 December 2022 (New Activity / Unrest), Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 7 December-13 December 2022 (New Activity / Unrest), Latest earthquakes under Yellowstone volcano. [113] They correspond to about 2 and 5%, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these compounds. [14], Volcanoes in the Andes occur in four separate regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone between 2N and 5S, the Central Volcanic Zone between 16S and 28S, the Southern Volcanic Zone between 33S and 46S,[15] and the Austral Volcanic Zone, south of the Southern Volcanic Zone. [95] Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata. [175] The total mass flux of the eruption was about 10,000,000100,000,000 kilograms per second (860,000,0008.64109t/d), comparable to the 1982 eruption of El Chichon. [213] The 1993 eruption was followed by a significant increase in the fluorine content of plants covered by the ash. [140], The lava domes interacted with glaciers, resulting in the formation of a glacier run whose deposits are found as far as 10 kilometres (6.2mi) from the volcano. Learn. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. A volcano in the Andes in Chile's north rumbled to life early Saturday, triggering minor earth tremors and sending a plume of smoke and ash 6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet) into a clear sky.. [35] At least ten different pulses were observed, generating columns of various heights[173] and forming mushroom clouds. [178] The first pyroclastic flow was observed around 10:12 on 19 April. Science of Geology and Scientific Method 1. [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. [47] Originally considered part of stage III, it was more recently attributed to stage IV given the considerable (6,000 years) temporal gap between the Tumbres eruption and stage III volcanism, and the geochemistry of the rocks. Which volcano to choose? Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. The largest eruption of Lascar known to recorded history occurred in April 1993 and caused ash fall as far away as Buenos Aires. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 . [74], Lascar rocks consist of andesite and dacite. [17] This shallow subduction appears to be triggered by the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandez Ridge;[18] the areas where they subduct beneath the Peru-Chile Trench coincide with the limits of the Central Volcanic Zone. It started to shrink again by May. [167] Most of the time, numerous fumaroles within the crater form a plume that reaches an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300ft). [149] This magma chamber was located at a floor depth of 56 kilometres (3.13.7mi) (older estimate 1222 kilometres (7.513.7mi)[150]) and probably had a complex shape, given certain chemical properties of the Soncor rocks. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. Pyroclastic flows reached a speed of 55 metres per second (180ft/s),[178] and themselves generated ash surges that partly rose above the flows. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. [3] Other names for the volcano are Hlscar,[4] Hlascar, Ilascar, Kar Las, Laskar, Toconado and Toconao. A number of other volcanoes are found in the region, such as Aguas Calientes, Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. [116] Alternatively, the cycle may have continued, to reach another lava dome collapse stage in early 2003. [91], Lascar emits plumes of gas and white clouds of condensed water vapor,[29] mostly over many hundreds of fumarolic vents, which are chiefly located in the active crater. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. [35], A 200-metre-wide (660ft) and 50-metre-high (160ft) lava dome formed in early 1989. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. [8] Chile Route 23 passes about 10 kilometres (6.2mi) west of Lascar. [53], Lascar has erupted about thirty times since the 19th century. [10] Unlike the neighbouring volcanoes Acamarachi, Licancabur and Quimal, there is no evidence of archeological sites on Lascar,[11] possibly because of the volcanic activity. The flow advanced just north of the head of Quebrada Talabre before passing over cliffs and entering it. [139] The Soncor fallout deposit contains a basal gravelly layer and several layers of andesitic and dacitic pumice which also contain lithics. On the southeastern flank, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Pampa Leija. [144] Pumices are encased in the ignimbrite as lenses and levees and are also found in the terrain above the canyons. [39] An alternative dating scheme considers Chaile to be 47,000 16,000 years old and Saltar 167,000 9,000 years old. Lascar Volcano Volcanic Ash Advisory: ISOLATED PUFF AT 1545 to 27000 ft (8200 m) Thu, 3 Feb 2022, 00:26 Lascar (Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 26 January-1 February 2022 (NEW) SERNAGEOMIN reported minor increases in surficial activity at Lscar. ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. the Pacific . [67], A major Plinian eruption occurred 26,450 500 years ago,[137] releasing 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of ejecta, both volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows. [53] This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. Subsequently, a number of fumaroles were active around the crater. At what boundaries do volcanoes form? [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. The plates are so close to each other that they start to mash together, and this causes the Earth's mantle to escape from the Earth. [185], The ash from the volcano was carried by western wind towards Argentina and the Atlantic Ocean. There were no injuries[211] or fatalities,[8] however the eruption did lead to water pollution in the region, including increases in cadmium, copper and lead concentrations in local rivers. [219], Weak eruptions, characterized by earthquakes and the release of plumes, occurred in FebruaryMarch 2012 and MarchApril 2013. [34] It probably formed when one of the craters filled with andesitic lava to the point of overflow. Data available through GEOFON. [95], A number of xenoliths occur in Lascar's rocks; a large amount of the phenocrysts are ultimately derived from them. [85] The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second (0.711.06cuft/s). [59][105] This corresponds to about 1% of global volcanic sulfur emissions, and is comparable to Kilauea and Villarica. [98] Total flux is estimated to be 1,31218,469 kilograms per second (2,89040,720lb/s),[87] and occurs even between eruptions. [67], The Quebrada Talabre cuts into the upper flanks of Lascar[64] and eventually joins the Quebrada Soncor. The San Andreas Fault Zone is not the only active transform plate boundary with U. S. National Park Service sites. Acamarachi is the white cone on the right. In the deep valleys, groundwater and streams support more plants. Transform plate boundaries are where plates slide laterally past one another, producing shallow earthquakes but little or no volcanic activity. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. Sept. 9, 2022. [117] The presence of argon and nitrogen in low-temperature fumaroles indicates that air is involved in their formation,[100] although a portion of each of these two gases is non-atmospheric. [183] The southern flank flows at first proceeded along a gully before spreading out. [209], The eruption record at Lascar becomes more irregular after the 1993 eruption. Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber walls. The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. [222] The 18 April eruption was seen from the El Abra copper mine 220 kilometres (140mi) away and resulted in ash fall north-northeast from the volcano. [194], The flows were strongly erosive, extracting rocks and material from the bedrock, even far away from the vent. Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. [47] These valleys were probably formed by erosion during glacial periods. [6][29] Guallatiri, for example, features fumarolic activity that is visible in satellite images. [171], Vulcanian explosions started on 18 April 1993, and on 1920 April 1993, a major eruption occurred. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. It has a volume of 56 cubic kilometres (1.21.4cumi). It was emplaced after the collapse of the oldest edifice, covering Aguas Calientes' western slopes. [72] Persistent snow cover exists on the western and southern slopes of the volcano; it contributes partly to the fumarole water. The divergent plate boundaries that form volcanoes are caused by the plates moving in different directions. The seismicity was the most notable recorded since the eruption on 10 December. [197] The deposits and small structures, such as levees and lobes, were conserved by the dry climate in the region. Small explosions accompanied the shrinkage until, by March 1993, the dome had disappeared again. [36][44] Other basement rocks are the sandstone-containing marine DevonianCarboniferous Lila formation, the red-orange Permian Cas formation containing volcanic rocks and granites,[21][37] as well as the volcanic PermianTriassic Peine formation and Cerro Negro strata, which also contain intruded rocks and lake sediments. SERNAGEOMIN reported that seismic signals characterized as moderate were recorded on 19 December and located near Lscar's main crater at shallow depths. [153] The Capricorn Lava overlies the Soncor deposits. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. [164] This eruption was the most significant of the previous two decades,[163] having a VEI of 3. Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. [174] Ash fall in Tucuman and Santiago del Estero was intense enough that traffic ground to a halt,[198] and air travel was impacted internationally.

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